Promoting effective communication Essay Example for Free

Promoting effective communication Essay There are a number of factors to consider when promoting effective communication. When using verbal communication with patients it is important to speak looking at them, speaking slowly and clearly and using simple language,. It is important to note that when working with patients with learning disabilities we have made sure they have understood what I have said. When speaking with colleagues or professionals the language I use can be more complex and often I will speak faster however most factors remain the same, it is still important that information given verbally is clear and concise. An example of this is when this is when I have mentored new staff I make sure I talk over everything slowly and clearly and I also get then to repeat some of that information back to show they have understood. Verbally communicating in this way will differ dependant on weather I am talking on a one to one basis or to a group. If I am talking to a group I must remember to address everyone and not exclude anyone. When using non-verbal communication there are many different factors to consider. For example, if I am slummed back in a chair, it may show that I am not interested in the conversation. Eye contact is also very important as this can show that I am engaged in the conversation, other things to consider would be hand gestures, body language and facial expressions, for example, if I frown or have my arms folded I may give a negative impression. Finally it is important to remember that for effective communication to take place it involves both parties to be engaged. Being able to listen well is vital in a two way conversations.

Argument in Favor of Euthanasia Essay -- Euthanasia, Argumentative Ess

Debate about the morality and legality of voluntary euthanasia has been a phenomenon since the second half of the 20th century. The ancient Greeks and Romans did not believe that life needed to be preserved at any cost and were tolerant of suicide in cases where no relief could be offered to the dying or when a person no longer cared for their life (Young). In the 4th century BC, the Hippocratic Oath was written by Hippocrates, the father of medicine. One part of the Oath states, â€Å"I will not give a lethal drug to anyone if I am asked, nor will I advise such a plan; and similarly I will not give a woman a pessary to cause and abortion† (Brock). For 2,400 years, physicians made these solemn promises. Until very recently the Hippocratic Oath was taken by all new physicians. It was a rite of passage. It has only been the last 100 years that there have been concerted efforts to make legal provision for voluntary euthanasia. The word â€Å"euthanasia† comes from two Gree k words, â€Å"eu† meaning good or easy and â€Å"thanatos† meaning death (all.org). Traditionally, euthanasia meant painless death or death without suffering. Today, the term has many names, the main one being mercy killing. Assisted suicide has been legally tolerated in Switzerland for many years (Kimsma). In the 1970-1980’s a series of court cases in the Netherlands culminated in an agreement between the legal and medical authorities to ensure that no physician would be prosecuted for assisting a patient to die as long as certain guidelines were strictly met. In brief, the guidelines were established to permit physicians to practice voluntary euthanasia in those instances in which a competent patient had made a voluntary and informed decision to die, the patient's suffering was unbe... ...ck. Life choices: a Hastings Center introduction to bioethics. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 1995. 537. Print. Jotkowitz, Alan, S. Glick, and B Gesundheit. "A Case Against Justified Non-Voluntary Active Euthanasia (The Groningen Protocol)." American Journal of Bioethics 8.11 (2008): 23-26. Web. 30 March 2011. Keown, John. Euthanasia Examined: Ethical, Clinical, and Legal Perspectives. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995. 340. Print. Kimsma, Gerrit, and Evert van Leeuwen. Asking to Die: Inside the Dutch Debate about Euthanasia. New York, NY: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002. 35-70. Print. McCuen, Gary. Doctor assisted suicide and the euthanasia movement. Revised Ed. Hudson, Wisconsin: G.E. McCuen Publications, 1999. 152. Print. Young, Robert. "Voluntary Euthanasia." Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Fall 2010 Edition. 2010. Web.

Dreams: The Peach Orchard

Hina Matsuri – The famous festival of dolls celebrated in the shroud of pink peach blossoms. During the doll festival, dolls represent the peach trees – without the peach trees, the dolls would represent nothing. A similar event happened in the life of a young boy who lost an orchard of peach trees after being cut down, one after another, by his own family. The boy felt a sense of loss during this, supposed to be, an enthusiastic and very memorable day. The young boy got scolded after providing six servings of a particular food, when there are only five people to be served. The boy, however, did see a sixth person. It was a young girl in pink dress or kimono, which he followed soon after towards the orchard. Eventually, he saw the dolls from his sister’s collection brought to life in the peach orchard. They first speculated on the boy’s innocence and they found out how the boy loved the peach trees and the orchard. The dolls, being moved by the boy’s tears and sympathy, performed a slow graceful dance. The dance was accompanied with gagaku music and after the dance the boy saw an illusion of the peach trees in full blossom. However, it was only momentarily. The truth eventually came out, where the scene shows the chopped peach trees in the orchard. Nevertheless, a glimpse of hope was provided for the boy after seeing that there is a new peach tree in the orchard and it was just about his height. The young girl who ran to the orchard may be the representative of/ or doll symbolizing the new peach tree. The movie ended showing the young boy sadly looking at the new peach tree as the scene fades to black (Kurosawa, 1955). Reference Kurosawa, Akira (1955) Dreams: The Peach Orchard. Warner Bros.

Tendonitis of the Wrist Treatment and Prevention

So, you have been diagnosed with tendonitis of the wrist, or fear you might develop it, and it is time to look at treatments. Preventative methods for tendonitis of the wrist are part of a comprehensive treatment program and should be exercised during and after recovery. Tendonitis can be caused by repetitive or acute trauma or a combination of the two. Treatment for tendonitis is the same whether it developed as a repetitive stress injury or not. Finding the Cause The first step in treating/preventing tendonitis of the wrist is understanding what caused it. Many general causes of repetitive stress injuries can be contributing factors for tendonitis of the wrist. Performing repetitive finger and wrist motions or using vibrating equipment also heightens your risk of developing tendonitis in that area. Using a Visual Analog Pain Scale will help pinpoint the major and minor causes. Stopping the Stress The next step in your treatment/prevention of tendonitis of the wrist is to stop performing those tasks or correct your body mechanics when you do. If it is working at a computer set up an ergonomically sound computer workstation. If it is another tool or setup follow sound ergonomic principles ensuring you keep a natural wrist position when working and take frequent breaks. If the vibration is a factor use a vibration absorbing pad or glove or change the grip on the tool to one that better fits your hand. Maintain a Healthy Wrist The next step in treating/preventing tendonitis of the wrist is to use proper body mechanics in all wrist related activities. These tips to prevent wrist stress injuries are a good basic guide to maintaining a healthy wrist. Playing with different muscles than those you work with can also provide relief to an ailing wrist. You also need to stay healthy and fit. Maintain a healthy weight and good cardiovascular health. Strong bodies are more resilient against the stressors that cause these conditions. Home Treatment Home treatment options for tendonitis include: Icing the wrist to reduce inflammation and increase blood flowUsing over the counter, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to decrease the swelling and manage pain (Warning: only use pain medication at times of rest to reduce the chance of further injury)Exercise to strengthen the injured area once symptoms have been reduced Professional Treatment When preventative and home treatment measures are not enough your healthcare professional may recommend these treatments. Only follow these treatments when instructed to by a healthcare professional. Treatments include: Icing the wrist to reduce inflammation and increase blood flowWearing wrist splints to immobilize the wrist and reduce repetitive traumaUsing non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to decrease the swelling and manage painUltrasound therapy to reduce swelling and fluid build-upCortisone injection to treat the inflammationPhysical therapy and exercise to strengthen the injured areaSurgery Surgery is the last option for treatment of tendonitis in the wrist. Removal of soft tissue around the problem area can give the tendon more room to move without irritation. Surgery is also a viable option if an anatomical feature is causing the problem. If the tendon does not have a smooth spot to move over then surgery can smooth it out or realign the tendon.

The Causes of the American Civil War

The causes of the Civil War may be traced to a complex mix of factors, some of which can be traced back to the earliest years of American colonization. Principal among the issues were the following: Slavery Slavery in the United States first began in Virginia in 1619. By the end of the American Revolution, most northern states had abandoned the institution and it was made illegal in many parts of the North in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Conversely, slavery continued to grow and flourish in the plantation economy of the South where the cultivation of cotton, a lucrative but labor intensive crop, was on the rise. Possessing a more stratified social structure than the North, the Souths slaves were largely held by a small percentage of the population though the institution enjoyed broad support across class lines. In 1850, the population of the South was around 6 million of which approximately 350,000 owned slaves. In the years prior to the Civil War almost all sectional conflicts revolved around the slave issue. This began with the debates over the three-fifths clause at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 which dealt with how slaves would be counted when determining a states population and as a result, its representation in Congress.  It continued with the Compromise of 1820 (Missouri Compromise) which established the practice of admitting a free state (Maine) and slave state (Missouri) to the union around the same time to maintain regional balance in the Senate. Subsequent clashes occurred involving the Nullification Crisis of 1832, the anti-slavery Gag Rule, and the Compromise of 1850. The implementation of the Gag Rule, passed part of the 1836 Pinckney Resolutions, effectively stated that Congress would take no action on petitions or similar relating to the limiting or abolition of slavery. Two Regions on Separate Paths Throughout the first half of the 19th century, Southern politicians sought to defend slavery by retaining control of the federal government. While they benefited from most presidents being from the South, they were particularly concerned about retaining a balance of power within in the Senate. As new states were added to the Union, a series of compromises were arrived at to maintain an equal number of free and slave states. Begun in 1820 with the admission of Missouri and Maine, this approach saw Arkansas, Michigan, Florida, Texas, Iowa, and Wisconsin join the union. The balance was finally disrupted in 1850, when Southerners permitted California to enter as a free state in exchange for laws strengthening slavery such as the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. This balance was further upset with the additions of free Minnesota (1858) and Oregon (1859). The widening of the gap between slave and free states was symbolic of the changes occurring in each region. While the South was devoted to an agrarian plantation economy with a slow growth in population, the North had embraced industrialization, large urban areas, infrastructure growth, as well as was experiencing high birth rates and a large influx of European immigrants. In the period before the war, seven of eight immigrants to the United States settled in the North and the majority brought with them negative viewpoints regarding slavery. This boost in population doomed Southern efforts to maintain balance in the government as it meant the future addition of more free states and the election of a Northern, potentially anti-slavery, president. Slavery in the Territories The political issue that finally moved the nation towards conflict was that of slavery in the western territories won during the Mexican-American War. These lands comprised all or parts of the present-day states of California, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, and Nevada. A similar issue had been dealt with earlier, in 1820, when, as part of the Missouri Compromise, slavery was permitted in the Louisiana Purchase south of 36 °30N latitude (the southern border of Missouri). Representative David Wilmot of Pennsylvania attempted to prevent slavery in the new territories in 1846, when he introduced the Wilmot Proviso in Congress. After extensive debate it was defeated. In 1850, an attempt was made to resolve the issue. A part of the Compromise of 1850, which also admitted California as a free state, called for slavery in the unorganized lands (largely Arizona New Mexico) received from Mexico to be decided by popular sovereignty. This meant that the local people and their territorial legislatures would decide for themselves whether slavery would be permitted. Many thought that this decision had solved the issue until it was raised again in 1854 with the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Bleeding Kansas Proposed by Sen. Stephen Douglas of Illinois, the Kansas-Nebraska Act essentially repealed the line imposed by the Missouri Compromise. Douglas, an ardent believer in grassroots democracy, felt that all the territories should be subject to popular sovereignty. Seen as a concession to the South, the act led to an influx of pro- and anti-slavery forces into Kansas. Operating from rival territorial capitals, the Free Staters and Border Ruffians engaged in open violence for three years. Though pro-slavery forces from Missouri had openly and improperly influenced elections in the territory, President James Buchanan accepted their Lecompton Constitution, and offered it to Congress for statehood. This was turned down by Congress which ordered a new election. In 1859, the anti-slavery Wyandotte Constitution was accepted by Congress. The fighting in Kansas further heightened tensions between North and South. States Rights As the South recognized that control of the government was slipping away, it turned to a states rights argument to protect slavery. Southerners claimed that the federal government was prohibited by the Tenth Amendment from impinging upon the right of slaveholders take their property into a new territory. They also stated that the federal government was not permitted to interfere with slavery in those states where it already existed. They felt that this type of strict constructionist interpretation of the Constitution coupled with nullification, or perhaps secession would protect their way of life. Abolitionism The issue of slavery was further heightened by the rise of the Abolitionist movement in the 1820s and 1830s. Beginning in the North, adherents believed that slavery was morally wrong rather than simply a social evil. Abolitionists ranged in their beliefs from those who thought that all slaves should be freed immediately (William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglas) to those calling for gradual emancipation (Theodore Weld, Arthur Tappan), to those who simply wanted to stop the spread of slavery and its influence (Abraham Lincoln). Abolitionists campaigned for the end of the peculiar institution and supported anti-slavery causes such as the Free State movement in Kansas. Upon the rise of the Abolitionists, an ideological debate arose with the Southerners regarding the morality of slavery with both sides frequently citing Biblical sources. In 1852, the Abolitionist cause received increased attention following the publication of the anti-slavery novel Uncle Toms Cabin. Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, the book aided in turning the public against the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. Causes of the Civil War: John Browns Raid John Brown first made a name for himself during the Bleeding Kansas crisis. A fervent abolitionist, Brown, along with his sons, fought with anti-slavery forces and were best known for the Pottawatomie Massacre where they killed five pro-slavery farmers. While most abolitionists were pacifists, Brown advocated violence and insurrection to end the evils of slavery. In October 1859, financed by the extreme wing of the Abolitionist movement, Brown and eighteen men attempted to raid the government armory at Harpers Ferry, VA. Believing that the nations slaves were ready to rise up, Brown attacked with the goal of obtaining weapons for the insurrection. After initial success, the raiders were cornered in the armorys engine house by local militia. Shortly thereafter, US Marines under Lt. Col. Robert E. Lee arrived and captured Brown. Tried for treason, Brown was hanged that December. Before his death, he predicted that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away; but with Blood. Causes of the Civil War: The Collapse of the Two-Party System The tensions between North and South were mirrored in a growing schism in the nations political parties. Following the compromise of 1850 and the crisis in Kansas, the nations two major parties, the Whigs and Democrats, began to fracture along regional lines. In the North, the Whigs largely blended into a new party: the Republicans. Formed in 1854, as an anti-slavery party, the Republicans offered a progressive vision for the future that included an emphasis on industrialization, education, and homesteading. Though their presidential candidate, John C. Frà ©mont, was defeated in 1856, the party polled strongly in the North and showed that it was the Northern party of the future. In the South, the Republican Party was viewed as a divisive element and one that could lead to conflict. Causes of the Civil War: Election of 1860 With the division of the Democrats, there was much apprehension as the election 1860 approached. The lack of a candidate with national appeal signaled that change was coming. Representing the Republicans was Abraham Lincoln, while Stephen Douglas stood for the Northern Democrats. Their counterparts in the South nominated John C. Breckinridge. Looking to find a compromise, former Whigs in the border states created the Constitutional Union Party and nominated John C. Bell. Balloting unfolded along precise sectional lines as Lincoln won the North, Breckinridge won the South, and Bell won the border states. Douglas claimed Missouri and part of New Jersey. The North, with its growing population and increased electoral power had accomplished what the South had always feared: complete control of the government by the free states. Causes of the Civil War: Secession Begins In response to Lincolns victory, South Carolina opened a convention to discuss seceding from the Union. On December 24, 1860, it adopted a declaration of secession and left the Union. Through the Secession Winter of 1861, it was followed by Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. As states departed, local forces took control of federal forts and installations without any resistance from the Buchanan Administration. The most egregious act took place in Texas, where Gen. David E. Twiggs surrendered one-quarter of the entire standing US Army without a shot fired. When Lincoln finally entered office on March 4, 1861, he inherited a collapsing nation. Election of 1860 Candidate Party Electoral Vote Popular Vote Abraham Lincoln Republican 180 1,866,452 Stephen Douglas Northern Democrat 12 1,375,157 John C. Breckinridge Southern Democrat 72 847,953 John Bell Constitutional Union 39 590,631

A Proposal to Ban Smoking in Public Areas Essay - 1106 Words

A Proposal to Ban Smoking in Public Areas Every year, there are over 400,000 smoking-related deaths in the United States. A large percentage of these are due to lung cancer, whose leading cause is smoking. However, not all deaths are smokers themselves. Anyone in the vicinity can fall victim to second hand smoke. These people, through no action of their own, can have their lives threatened. This problem, which plagues all Americans, should have action taken on a local scale to help protect the health of the public. The Ames City Council is in the process of debating a city ordanince which whould ban smoking in all public places, with the exception of those designated as smokng areas. A public place shall be defined by Subsection†¦show more content†¦Keep in mind, these people don?t smoke themselves, but they are still put at risk by the actions of others. The Saskatchewan Instite?s webpage goes on to state that half of all children exposed to second-hand smoke are exposed at home. While this is an important fact, its importance lies in opposite, half are exposed in places other than at home. In America 25,000 people are killed every year in car accidents, while 53,000 die from second-hand smoke (from Office on Smoking and Health, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/sgr/sgr_1988/). Action must be taken to protect these people fr om a threat over which they have no control. In addition to statistics, a situation to illustrate the necessity for this proposal can be considered. Imagine a family, Mom, Dad, and their three children, are going out to eat in a nice restaurant for Mom?s birthday. When the waitress asks if they?d like smoking or non-smoking, they Dad requests non, because he is concerned about his family?s health. However, the truth about this decision is that in reality, just being in the restaurant increases the threats to their family. 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International Human Resource Management for Woolworths Group

Question: Discuss about theInternational Human Resource Management for Woolworths Group. Answer: The main aim of this task is to analyze and evaluate the culture shock in the organization. Woolworths group has been taken in the task to identify the causes of culture issues. It is one of the biggest retail companies in Australia which provides enormous products and services to customers across the world. Furthermore, it explains how Woolworths manages culture shock and also the paper depicts that how the firm motivates the workers to perform task and duties effectively. Culture shock is the biggest problem in the organization which influences goodwill of Woolworths adversely. Further details of the task have been stated below. Culture shock may be defined as an experience of a person may have when one moves to a cultural environment which is completely different from ones own (Furham, 2012). There are several causes of culture shock which influence the success and growth of the firm. The causes of cultural shock include unfamiliar rules for social interaction, different attitudes, expectation, strange environment and climate (Hemmasi Downes, 2013). There are enormous problems occurred due to culture shock such as language barrier, generation gap, skill interdependence, information overload, infinite regress, boredom and technology gap. There is no way to prevent and reduce cultural shock in the organization. Honeymoon, Adaptation, negotiation and adjustment are four phases of culture shock. Culture shock arises in many companies due to differences in foreign languages and cultures (Naranjo-Valencia, Jimnez-Jimnez Sanz-Valle, 2011). Woolworths group is a good example where culture shock raises effectively as it influence the progress of the firm. It is a major Australian company which was formed in 1924. Woolworths is the second biggest organization in Australia measured by revenue. The firm has approx 3,000 stores having 205,000 employees who serves more than 29 million customers across the world. The mission of the organization is to deliver best and unique quality of products to the customers. It will also help to gain competitive advantages in the marketplace. Apart from this, the firm uses effective and dynamic strategies to build good relations with its potential customers in the world. Culture shock plays a critical role in Woolworths group which helps to increase productivity and performance of the firm as well as employees. People come from different countries and they follow different and rules. As a result, culture shock problem arises in the organization (Woolworths group, 2018). No company can survi ve its business activities and operations without knowing and understanding the culture of different countries. . HRM plays an important role to reduce and prevent cultural differences within the organization. HRM makes different policies and strategies which could help to manage the difference of culture (Hong, 2013). Various policies and practices are initiated by HRM in the organization to deal with culture shock that has been stated below. Appropriate expatriate recruitment: The selection of future expatriates is an important function of HRM that should be performed in the organization effectively and successfully. It helps to measure and identify the professional and technical skills within the organization. It is an effective policy of HRM to prevent culture shock widely. There are various elements that need to be taken into consideration before sending a worker foreign that are very difficult to evaluate accurately and effectively. Therefore, the firm should focus on the recruitment and selection methods to appoint suitable and potential candidates in the organization. It will help to reduce culture differences in foreign countries (Santoso Loosemore 2013). Training and development coaching: Training and development coaching is an effective practice of HRM which helps to improve and enhance the performance and productivity of the employees. Along with this, to reduce culture shock the HRM needs to monitor the activities and operations of the workers. Woolworths group conducts enormous training and development coaching programs to know and understand the language of the different nations. Also it will help to manage culture issues and challenges within the organization (Mendenhall, Arnardottir, Oddou Burke, 2013). An expatriates qualification profile: Characteristics and traits have been recognized as predictors of expatriates success and progress. These characteristics and traits include technical ability, cultural empathy, diplomacy, language ability, managerial skills, emotional stability and maturity. There are 8 dimension of cultural shock which includes ethnocentrism, intellectual experience, behavioral flex, cognitive flex, general intercultural knowledge, specific intellectual knowledge, adequate behavior, and interpersonal skills (Passmore, 2013). Create a welcoming Kit: HRM should implement and initiate a policy of giving welcoming kits to new workers. These kits include plants for their desk, silly calendars, and photo frames. It will help to motivate and encourage the workers for doing work in a hassle free manner. Also, it will help to eliminate culture differences in the organization. Set daily tasks ahead of time: HRM should set daily tasks and duties to manage culture shock and to manage customs differences effectively. If HRM sets tasks and duties of the employees then they can easily understand assign tasks and duties. Therefore, culture shock issue will not arise in the firm. Along with this, Woolworths can easily overcome the competitors by assigning proper task and duties to the workers. Hofstede cross cultural dimension model: This model is used and initiated by HRM to manage and deal with cross cultural issues at the marketplace. This model includes individualism, collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, power distance and masculinity femininity (Bird Mendenhall, 2016). Bridge the gap through mentorship: There should be a gap between the young workers and older workers. If this gap contributes to new workers culture shock, it needs to be counteracted. Thus, a system of mentorship should be implemented between new employees and management to reduce culture shock issues. Mentorship plays a vital role to manage culture shock effectively and efficiently. Also, it will help to learn desires, requirements and expectations of the organization. Implement an ambassador: It is an effective and important practice performed by HRM in Woolworths. The ambassador can act as a liaison between the new hire and other workers, introduce the new workers to coworkers and work side by side with the new employees until they are adjusted to the environment. Induction programs: It is one of the significant practices that are being performed by HRM in Woolworths. Induction programs are an effective and dynamic way to familiarize new workers with office policies including HR policies, work timings, account policies, performance, leave policies and appraisals. It is a perfect and unique eye opener to manage culture differences among new employees. The induction programs also help to improve and enhance the knowledge, skills and experience of the expatriates. It will also reduce cross cultural issues in the competitive market. All these policies and practices are used and initiated by HRM to control and manage culture shock. All these practices and policies also help to know and understand the needs, preferences and choices of the customers in the rivalry market. Along with this, effective and unique HR policies and practices are also important to attain desired goals and objectives (Kelly Moogan, 2012). On the above mentioned analysis, it can be concluded that culture shock is a major challenge and issue for Woolworths which can affect the financial position of the firm in the marketplace. Along with this, it may also influence the profit and revenue of the organization. To eliminate culture shock, HRM plays a empirical role in each and every organization. Woolworths maintains sustainable human resource department to handle cross cultural issues in the workplace. Now it is recommended that the company should motivate and inspire the new workers to understand and know the culture of other countries successfully. References Bird, A., Mendenhall, M. E. (2016). From cross-cultural management to global leadership: Evolution and adaptation.Journal of World Business,51(1), 115-126. Furham, A. (2012). Culture shock.Revista de Psicologa de la Educacin,7. Hemmasi, M., Downes, M. (2013). Cultural distance and expatriate adjustment revisited.Journal of Global Mobility: The Home of Expatriate Management Research,1(1), 72-91. Hong, Y. Y. (2013). A dynamic constructivist approach to culture: Moving from describing culture to explaining culture. InUnderstanding Culture(pp. 18-38). Psychology Press. Kelly, P., Moogan, Y. (2012). Culture shock and higher education performance: Implications for teaching.Higher Education Quarterly,66(1), 24-46. Mendenhall, M. E., Arnardottir, A. A., Oddou, G. R., Burke, L. A. (2013). Developing cross-cultural competencies in management education via cognitive-behavior therapy.Academy of Management Learning Education,12(3), 436-451. Naranjo-Valencia, J. C., Jimnez-Jimnez, D., Sanz-Valle, R. (2011). Innovation or imitation? The role of organizational culture.Management Decision,49(1), 55-72. Passmore, J. (Ed.). (2013).Diversity in coaching: Working with gender, culture, race and age. Kogan Page Publishers. Santoso, J., Loosemore, M. (2013). Expatriate management in Australian multinational enterprises.Construction Management and Economics,31(11), 1098-1109. Woolworthsgroup.(2018).Aboutus[Online].Availableat: https://www.woolworthsgroup.com.au/page/about-us. [ Accessed as on 1st April 2018).