Dominant Culture Essay

Contrast the dynamics between dominant cultures and subcultures either in a work setting or in society. According to Baack (2012), a dominant culture articulates the core values shared by a majority of an organization’s members. The dominant culture is the one that has the most power and influence. This culture represents the majority in society. The subcultures consist of the minorities in societies that differ from the dominant culture. Even though they are different, they deserve to be respected. Explain why it is important to understand the impact of culture. It is important to understand culture, so that all employees will be sensitive to the differences of others and value them, in order to work together to achieve the goals of the organization. Understanding culture is important so you do not offend others which could lead to a hostile environment. Give an example where you demonstrated your awareness and or openness to understanding a cultural difference. When traveling abroad for my company, I often came into contact with managers that stood very close when talking. At first, I did not understand and would quickly back away. This gesture often times offended the person that I was speaking with. I had to learn to embrace and respect the culture, in order to close the deal for my company. Explain how these differences underscore the need for understanding diversity. Diversity is what makes the world interesting. If we were all alike; what a boring world this would be. Understanding and respecting other differences helps us to appreciate diversity. In order to appreciate diversity, one must have an open mind and be willing to change. From the information given, develop guidelines for embracing diversity. My guidelines for embracing diversity are: educate people concerning diversity, create an environment where people can share ideas, get to know everyone on the team, and reward those that appreciate diversity.

Counseling: Cognitive-behavioral Therapists Essay

Despite the general acknowledgement that it is important for counseling and psychotherapy practice to be informed by research, it is clear that in recent years a widening gap has emerged between research and practice. This paper briefly reviews some of the factors responsible for the current crisis in therapy research and offers a number of reasons why a healthy relationship between research and practice is necessary. It is suggested that, at present, there exists within psychology and social science a level of acceptance of pluralistic and innovative approaches to research, which may facilitate the emergence of a new genre of practitioner-oriented inquiry in the field of counseling and psychotherapy. Some of the ways in which Counseling and Psychotherapy Research intends to contribute to this movement are described, for example the promotion of new forms of writing, use of information technology, and the creation of knowledge communities. While it might seem to be the case, evidence-based psychotherapy is not new. The term â€Å"evidence-based† can be defined two ways: an approach to therapy emphasizes the pursuit of evidence on which to base its theory and techniques, as well as encourages its patients or clients to consider evidence before taking action; or an approach to therapy is supported by research findings, and those findings provide evidence that it is effective. Each approach to psychotherapy is based on the assumption that it is correct in terms of its explanation of human behavior. Therefore, practitioners of each approach believe that they have â€Å"evidence† that their approach is correct, or they would not waste their time practicing that approach. However, cognitive-behavioral therapists seek to acquire evidence to determine the accuracy of their theories and effectiveness of their techniques. For example, cognitive-behavioral therapists believe that their explanation of human behavior (that â€Å"learned† behaviors and emotions are caused by one’s thoughts) is correct. Rather than assuming that their theory is correct, they base this assumption on psychosomatic research that in fact proves that the assumption is indeed correct. Cognitive-behavioral therapists take into the therapy session this interest in gathering evidence and assessing it. Cognitive-behavioral therapists ask questions to obtain a clear, accurate picture of the client’s experience. Cognitive-behavioral therapists also look for evidence in relation to their clients’ thoughts, and encourage clients to base thinking on the FACTS (the evidence). Therefore, cognitive-behavioral therapy has always been â€Å"evidence-based† and will continue to be so whether or not there is an emphasis by managed-care or governmental agencies to be so. Many approaches to psychotherapy do not lend themselves well to being researched and proven effective because they either utilize techniques that are vague and difficult to repeat with consistency, or the approach attracts practitioners that are not very interested in testing the effectiveness of it. Cognitive-behavioral therapy is the most researched psychotherapeutic approach because each cognitive-behavioral approach has specific techniques that can be tested for effectiveness; Cognitive-behavioral therapy encourages the development of specific goals that are measurable, and, therefore, can be researched; cognitive-behavioral therapists (to varying degrees) are interested in the research and research process; cognitive-behavioral therapists are not interested in techniques that â€Å"feel right† or â€Å"seem correct†, but techniques that are effective (Pucci, 2005). Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Cognitive-behavioral therapy is an action-oriented form of psychosocial therapy that assumes that maladaptive, or faulty, thinking patterns cause maladaptive behavior and â€Å"negative† emotions. (Maladaptive behavior is behavior that is counter-productive or interferes with everyday living. ) The treatment focuses on changing an individual’s thoughts (cognitive patterns) in order to change his or her behavior and emotional state. Theoretically, cognitive-behavioral therapy can be employed in any situation in which there is a pattern of unwanted behavior accompanied by distress and impairment. It is a recommended treatment option for a number of mental disorders, including affective (mood) disorders, personality disorders, social phobia, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), eating disorders, substance abuse, anxiety or panic disorder, agoraphobia, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It is also frequently used as a tool to deal with chronic pain for patients with illnesses such as rheumatoid arthritis, back problems, and cancer. Patients with sleep disorders may also find cognitive-behavioral therapy a useful treatment for insomnia. Cognitive-behavioral therapy combines the individual goals of cognitive therapy and behavioral therapy. Pioneered by psychologists Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis in the 1960s, cognitive therapy assumes that maladaptive behaviors and disturbed mood or emotions are the result of inappropriate or irrational thinking patterns, called automatic thoughts. Instead of reacting to the reality of a situation, an individual reacts to his or her own distorted viewpoint of the situation. For example, a person may conclude that he is â€Å"worthless† simply because he failed an exam or did not get a date. Cognitive therapists attempt to make their patients aware of these distorted thinking patterns, or cognitive distortions, and change them (a process termed cognitive restructuring). Behavioral therapy, or behavior modification, trains individuals to replace undesirable behaviors with healthier behavioral patterns. Unlike psychodynamic therapies, it does not focus on uncovering or understanding the unconscious motivations that may be behind the maladaptive behavior. In other words, strictly behavioral therapists do not try to find out why their patients behave the way they do, they just teach them to change the behavior. Cognitive-behavioral therapy integrates the cognitive restructuring approach of cognitive therapy with the behavioral modification techniques of behavioral therapy. The therapist works with the patient to identify both the thoughts and the behaviors that are causing distress, and to change those thoughts in order to readjust the behavior. In some cases, the patient may have certain fundamental core beliefs, called schemas, which are flawed and require modification. For example, a patient suffering from depression may be avoiding social contact with others, and suffering considerable emotional distress because of his isolation. When questioned why, the patient reveals to his therapist that he is afraid of rejection, of what others may do or say to him. Upon further exploration with his therapist, they discover that his real fear is not rejection, but the belief that he is hopelessly uninteresting and unlovable. His therapist then tests the reality of that assertion by having the patient name friends and family who love him and enjoy his company. By showing the patient that others value him, the therapist both exposes the irrationality of the patient’s belief and provides him with a new model of thought to change his old behavior pattern. In this case, the person learns to think, â€Å"I am an interesting and lovable person; therefore I should not have difficulty making new friends in social situations. † If enough â€Å"irrational cognitions† are changed, this patient may experience considerable relief from his depression (Ellis, 2008) A Cautionary Statement About Psychotherapy Outcome Research Most psychotherapy outcome research is focused on short-term reduction of symptoms, and this is the reason why many â€Å"studies† find that cognitive-behavioral therapy is as effective as antidepressants in the treatment of depression. This has been a pretty consistent finding. However, cognitive-behavioral therapy is focused on â€Å"getting better† rather than â€Å"feeling better†. So while we are encouraged that clients improve their symptoms with cognitive-behavioral therapy, we are more interested in helping them with the underlying thoughts and core beliefs that caused their emotional distress, helping them rid themselves of problematic, inaccurate thoughts, and replacing them with thoughts that are healthy and accurate. This emphasis on â€Å"getting better† helps clients to do well long-term. Today, many treatment centers and facilities are very interested in having their staff trained in cognitive-behavioral therapy (Pucci, 2005). Christian Faith in Clinical Practice Use of Religious and Spiritual Resources in Therapy (e. g. , prayer, inner healing prayer, use of Scripture in therapy, referral to religious groups, etc. ); Dealing with Spiritual Issues in Therapy; Fostering Intrapersonal Integration and the Development of Spirituality in the Therapist and Client (Use of Spiritual Disciplines and Role of Authentic Disciplines or  Circumstantial Spiritual Disciplines); Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) that combines mindfulness training with CBT for the treatment of depression and its recurrence; Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) with four major components: regulating affect, tolerating distress, improving interpersonal relationships, and training in mindfulness; Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) with six major components: acceptance, cognitive diffusion, being present, self as context with a transcendent sense of self, values, and committed action; Ethical Guidelines.

CARE STUDY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

CARE STUDY - Essay Example However, the profession was taken more seriously with time and in the middle ages, there were more people working formerly as nurses (Ehrenreich and English, 2010). However, most of them were women of low standing in society with little training or organization (Dingwall, Rafferty and Webster, 2002). The history of nursing was revolutionized by the entry of Florence Nightgale who dedicated her life to helping the suffering and ill after she witnessed the thousands of people dying untended for during the Crimean war in 1854 (Dossey,2009). Thanks to her efforts, modern and professional nursing came about and today nursing is considered both and important and respectable career. Consequently, a great deal of research has been carried out on the professional and to this end, several nursing models have been developed. Roy’s model of nursing is based on the conceptualization of a person as a holistic entity with individual elements coming together to form a complete being. It is grounded on the following core components person, health, environment, and nursing; this model posits that the environment in which a person lives must be taken to account. This is because there is a constant interchange of information, matter and energy between the individual and the environment (Roy and Andrews, 1999). The model’s major strengths include the fact that it provides an efficient guide for nurses to use in interviewing and carrying out individual patient assessments, and it is easily applicable in nursing practice. However, it is weakened by the fact that it requires a great deal of painstaking effort to apply and with so many components, and as a result, it is rather challenging to get a reliable outcome. Orem’s theory provides a model that determines the self-care deficit and then defines what roles both patient and nurse need to play to meet the discovered

New Ideas and Techniques in Intervention with Children With Essay

New Ideas and Techniques in Intervention with Children With Communication Disorders in Early Language Development - Essay Example In other words the developing brain is best able to absorb any language, during the initial three years of their life. Some of the main reasons of speech and language disorders include hearing loss, neurological disorders, brain injury, mental retardation, drug abuse, physical impairments such as cleft lip or palate, and vocal abuse or misuse. However, in many cases the real cause is unknown (National Dissemination Center for Children with Disabilities, 2004). As the years pass by the ability to learn a language will be more difficult, and perhaps less efficient or effective, if these critical periods pass without early exposure to a language (National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, 2001). This research paper focuses mainly on the new ideas and techniques in intervention with children with communication disorders in early language development. Communication disorder is a common term that encompasses various problems in language, speech, and hearing. To be more specific, speech and language problems comprise expression or verbalization problems, voice disorders, fluency problems which include stuttering, aphasia which is generally caused because of brain injury, and hearing problems. Today there are several interventions designed particularly for each of the above mentioned problems and the best treatment is prevention and early intervention (Sanchez, 1991). There are also several other communication disorders that result from other conditions such as learning disabilities, cerebral palsy, mental retardation, or cleft lip or cleft palate. Therefore, it becomes very important to understand the need of each and every child before the treatment begins. Speech and language disorders in general can have an impact on the way a child talk, understand, analyze or process information. Speech disorders include the clarity, voice quality, and fluency of a child's spoken words. Language disorders include a child's ability to hold meaningful conversations, understand others, problem solve, read and comprehend, and express thoughts through spoken or written words (American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, 2005). Early intervention for the treatment of apraxia is intended to teach effective communication strategies and improve volitional control of the oral musculature. During the course of the treatment exercises mainly focuses on teaching sound s equencing, programming sound patterns, and improving rhythm in speech. It is only with the advent of computed tomography (CT) scan and MRI several medical conditions can be detected easily including the ability to identify small subcortical lesions as causes of aphasia. Successful treatment of aphasia depends on the knowledge of a child's cognitive and linguistic strengths and weaknesses obtained from the formal testing batteries. While the traditional treatment strategies focused on syndrome-specific approaches, where treatment is based upon the diagnosed aphasia syndrome, recent strategies promote getting a message across by any means, through language, gestures, drawing, or any other expressive method (Melfi, 2006). A child with speech or language delays may exhibit a number of characteristics including the inability to follow directions, slow and incomprehensible speech, and

Midterm Question Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Midterm Question - Assignment Example Administrative support involves technical support, professional staff and instructional design. An administrator can handle this area by ensuring that members of the organization receive all these services in record time. Training involves exposing and educating the staff to new ways of handling tasks. An administrator should therefore ensure timely training for members of the organization. Incentives on the other hand involves providing things like grants, leave time, promotions and stipend. This encourages employees to give better out-put at the workplace. Communication involves keeping members abreast with changes taking place or necessary information in the organization (Boyd, Grossman, Ing, Lankford, Loeb & Wyckoff, 2011). Communication ensures proper work co-ordination in the organization and the administrator has the mandate of maintaining proper communication channels. The cost of employing the trainer and the extra-curricular benefits it will have on the school students. I would also factor in the possibility of the school employing the trainer without any strain on the school’s budget and have a detailed conclusion on having an athletics trainer (Pettigrew, 2014). I would use a tool that measures the coach’s ability to improve both the students sporting and academic prowess. My evaluation tool will encompass the use of graphs and checklists in evaluating the coach’s success. In doing this, I will use a test tool that evaluates critical elements such as the effectiveness of the coach’s-student training manual, activity roaster, student sporting ability improvement charts and student academic progress (ONeill, Albin, Storey, Horner & Sprague, 2014). The tool will enable me determine the whether the coach is successful or not depending on the graph index produced by student academic performance in relation to extra-curricular activities such as sports. The key aspects of facility management are communication, emergency

Leadership Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 22

Leadership - Assignment Example Madiba as he was known has been called a global icon, freedom fighter and South Africa’s Favorite Son. He is a nonprofit leader as he stood for the rights of the black people during the apartheid period. This resulted in being a political prisoner for 27 years. Also, Mandela is the most honoured political prisoner in history. It is evident since prison bars could not prevent him from inspiring South Africans to struggle and sacrifice for the liberation. Mandela actions led South Africa to gain independence in 1994 and he became the first democratically elected president. Mandela actions of humanity led to him to win a Nobel Peace Prize in 1993 (Guiloineau, 2002). In conclusion, Mandela sacrificed the joys of family life to pursue a career of his choice to fight for the values of his people. Even after retiring from presidency in June 1999, Mandela continued to campaign globally for peace and the fight against HIV/AIDS. Mandela also formed an independent group of global leaders who would offer their collective influence and experience to support peace building and enhance shared interest of humanity. He died on 5 Dec 2013 after a lung

Economic Order Quantity Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Economic Order Quantity - Assignment Example The result of such specificity is that there is a smooth re-stocking process that enhances customer service as stock-outs are minimized. The EOQ model involves the use of mathematical calculations which may at times be complicated for small business owners that may lack in math skills. It also requires data that has sufficient detail. The basis of the model is the assumption that the pattern of demand would be constant throughout the year and inventory usage is at a fixed rate. It fails to account for fluctuations. The assumption that costs remain constant is also faulty as the costs vary depending on the economic situation. It also limits how a business can take advantage of discounts that suppliers offer on quantity purchases. That is because it offers the ordering of similar amounts every time. Finkler, S. A., Purtell, R.M., Calabrese, T.D., & Smith, D.L. (2013). Financial management for public, health, and not-for-profit organizations (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice

Australian Legal System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Australian Legal System - Essay Example What constitutes the common law is not so much actual decision in a particular case as the principles upon which that decision is based (Gifford & Gifford, 1983 p5). According to Corkery (1999, p105), all law is not judge made law and there is more and more codification in Australia now. The intention of the parliaments is to tidy up the law and replace the common law subsisting before the passing the code. Therefore, the most of new law is likely to reliance on legislation today. Under the Australian State Court Hierarchy, the courts can be categorized into three different types: the Magistrates Courts, the Distinct/County Courts and the Supreme Courts. The highest judicial tribunal in Australia is the high Court and mainly deal with constitutional challenges, however one thing should be noted that the High Court can overruled the previous decision. Under the doctrine of precedent, it does not have to follow the any previous decision made by the lower courts. In order to understand the current common law system, it is essential to know the advantages and disadvantages of doctrine of precedent relied on by the common law. Even if the Common law has described as emasculated form today, compare to the statute law, there must be weaknesses and strengths together rather than only weaknesses. According to Chisholm and Nettheim (1997, p46), common law is still remained as an essential method where nobody is sure what the law is, and where the occurred cases are quiet new. Decision should be made by Judges for these kinds of particular cases such as R v Elizabeth Manley [1933] 1 KB 529 (very uncommon case) because no similar case has ever been decided. The decisions of courts play a large part in determining and changing laws and this circumstance indicates the importance of common law. In addition, Victoria law foundation (2007) stated that the most of trials nowadays are having precedents and these good precedents are making the law more consistent, because earlier judicial decision guided judges in later similar cases. Besides, a judge today must apply the reasoning used in the precedents made in higher courts when they decide a similar case. Both factors reinforce the doctrine of precedent operation as its strength. Another advantage of doctrine of precedent stated by Bird (1993, p268), using the system of doctrine of precedent could additionally be good enough to save time and resources. As mentioned above, it provides not only a guideline to narrow the decision against the 'palm tree' justice, but also offer an opportunity to save time and resources. On the contrary, precedent operation of the common law needs to be more flexible to overcome its weaknesses. In modern society, flexibility tends to be one of the most important criteria, because yesterday's solutions might not be good enough to adapt for the rapid social changes. Chisholm and Nettheim (1997, p46) argued that the English or Australian system is sometimes criticised for tying the judges too much to the past. The case of Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562, by the time the judge made the decision, he has considered the social condition changed, the judge have developed the law of negligence which has benefits every customer, where Grant v Australian Knitting Mills Ltd

Land Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Land Law - Assignment Example In order to acquire Valiant Villa, Ben and Ali agreed to approach Cantander bank to negotiate for a mortgage worth ? 125,000. Notably, Ben and Ali are freehold owners of the property. As such, this form of mortgage is an equitable mortgage since it is created after the legal owners of the property negotiated an instrument with Cantander bank that demonstrates a binding intention to create a security in favor of the mortgagee as opposed to legal mortgage where the mortgagee remains the legal owner of the property. However, Ali who is a model scout and agent was later on entered into a contractual agreement with Cait Miss- a high profile model where Ali agreed to fund her travel commitments, provide her with personal assistants and manage her portfolio work. The entire cost for this work was worth ? 110,000. Ali unduly influenced Ben to signed mortgage forms that lead to release of some security in Valiant Villa to cover the costs. Ideally, not all mortgages are utilized to buy propert y. As in this case, it is apparent that Ali who also worked as a model scout and agent committed himself to fund Cait. ... held that the mortgagee has unqualified right to repossession in the event that the mortgagor defaults in mortgage repayment.2 Cantander bank has the right to repossesses the villa and either uses it to generate income or sell it to recover unpaid mortgage amounts. The mortgagee has the right to decide when to sell the property since one a property is repossessed; the bank will not be holding it in fiduciary capacity. In China and South Sea Bank Ltd v Tan Soon Gin (1989), the court held that the mortgagee was not obliged to sell the property at any particular time and was as such entitled to act in its own interest.3 Surprisingly, Ben was not fully aware of the whole deal as he thought the second mortgage was a form of mortgage repackaging. Unluckily, Cait Miss was embroiled in a drug scandal which dented her image making it difficult to continue working in the model industry. Indeed Ali’s reputation as her agent was also shattered and could no longer earn revenues to cover mo rtgage repayments. Cantander bank is now seeking repossession of Valiant Villa which has indeed caught Ben unaware. Ben should understand that mortgage as a contact is primarily based on contract law in regard to formation, terms and termination. As such, a mortgage differs from an ordinary loan since the mortgagee has equal rights to the property as the mortgagor. A mortgage has a proprietary interest since a mortgagee has rights over the property and can therefore take possession of that property in the event of non compliance to the repayment schedule agreed. Ben should be aware that Cantander bank has right to repossess Valiant Villa as governed by section 85 of the Law of Property Act (LPA) 1925 and in common law and rights of sale under statute.4 In addition, it is clear that Ben signed