Saturday, December 28, 2019

The Causes of the American Civil War

The causes of the Civil War may be traced to a complex mix of factors, some of which can be traced back to the earliest years of American colonization. Principal among the issues were the following: Slavery Slavery in the United States first began in Virginia in 1619. By the end of the American Revolution, most northern states had abandoned the institution and it was made illegal in many parts of the North in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Conversely, slavery continued to grow and flourish in the plantation economy of the South where the cultivation of cotton, a lucrative but labor intensive crop, was on the rise. Possessing a more stratified social structure than the North, the Souths slaves were largely held by a small percentage of the population though the institution enjoyed broad support across class lines. In 1850, the population of the South was around 6 million of which approximately 350,000 owned slaves. In the years prior to the Civil War almost all sectional conflicts revolved around the slave issue. This began with the debates over the three-fifths clause at the Constitutional Convention of 1787 which dealt with how slaves would be counted when determining a states population and as a result, its representation in Congress.  It continued with the Compromise of 1820 (Missouri Compromise) which established the practice of admitting a free state (Maine) and slave state (Missouri) to the union around the same time to maintain regional balance in the Senate. Subsequent clashes occurred involving the Nullification Crisis of 1832, the anti-slavery Gag Rule, and the Compromise of 1850. The implementation of the Gag Rule, passed part of the 1836 Pinckney Resolutions, effectively stated that Congress would take no action on petitions or similar relating to the limiting or abolition of slavery. Two Regions on Separate Paths Throughout the first half of the 19th century, Southern politicians sought to defend slavery by retaining control of the federal government. While they benefited from most presidents being from the South, they were particularly concerned about retaining a balance of power within in the Senate. As new states were added to the Union, a series of compromises were arrived at to maintain an equal number of free and slave states. Begun in 1820 with the admission of Missouri and Maine, this approach saw Arkansas, Michigan, Florida, Texas, Iowa, and Wisconsin join the union. The balance was finally disrupted in 1850, when Southerners permitted California to enter as a free state in exchange for laws strengthening slavery such as the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. This balance was further upset with the additions of free Minnesota (1858) and Oregon (1859). The widening of the gap between slave and free states was symbolic of the changes occurring in each region. While the South was devoted to an agrarian plantation economy with a slow growth in population, the North had embraced industrialization, large urban areas, infrastructure growth, as well as was experiencing high birth rates and a large influx of European immigrants. In the period before the war, seven of eight immigrants to the United States settled in the North and the majority brought with them negative viewpoints regarding slavery. This boost in population doomed Southern efforts to maintain balance in the government as it meant the future addition of more free states and the election of a Northern, potentially anti-slavery, president. Slavery in the Territories The political issue that finally moved the nation towards conflict was that of slavery in the western territories won during the Mexican-American War. These lands comprised all or parts of the present-day states of California, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, and Nevada. A similar issue had been dealt with earlier, in 1820, when, as part of the Missouri Compromise, slavery was permitted in the Louisiana Purchase south of 36 °30N latitude (the southern border of Missouri). Representative David Wilmot of Pennsylvania attempted to prevent slavery in the new territories in 1846, when he introduced the Wilmot Proviso in Congress. After extensive debate it was defeated. In 1850, an attempt was made to resolve the issue. A part of the Compromise of 1850, which also admitted California as a free state, called for slavery in the unorganized lands (largely Arizona New Mexico) received from Mexico to be decided by popular sovereignty. This meant that the local people and their territorial legislatures would decide for themselves whether slavery would be permitted. Many thought that this decision had solved the issue until it was raised again in 1854 with the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Bleeding Kansas Proposed by Sen. Stephen Douglas of Illinois, the Kansas-Nebraska Act essentially repealed the line imposed by the Missouri Compromise. Douglas, an ardent believer in grassroots democracy, felt that all the territories should be subject to popular sovereignty. Seen as a concession to the South, the act led to an influx of pro- and anti-slavery forces into Kansas. Operating from rival territorial capitals, the Free Staters and Border Ruffians engaged in open violence for three years. Though pro-slavery forces from Missouri had openly and improperly influenced elections in the territory, President James Buchanan accepted their Lecompton Constitution, and offered it to Congress for statehood. This was turned down by Congress which ordered a new election. In 1859, the anti-slavery Wyandotte Constitution was accepted by Congress. The fighting in Kansas further heightened tensions between North and South. States Rights As the South recognized that control of the government was slipping away, it turned to a states rights argument to protect slavery. Southerners claimed that the federal government was prohibited by the Tenth Amendment from impinging upon the right of slaveholders take their property into a new territory. They also stated that the federal government was not permitted to interfere with slavery in those states where it already existed. They felt that this type of strict constructionist interpretation of the Constitution coupled with nullification, or perhaps secession would protect their way of life. Abolitionism The issue of slavery was further heightened by the rise of the Abolitionist movement in the 1820s and 1830s. Beginning in the North, adherents believed that slavery was morally wrong rather than simply a social evil. Abolitionists ranged in their beliefs from those who thought that all slaves should be freed immediately (William Lloyd Garrison, Frederick Douglas) to those calling for gradual emancipation (Theodore Weld, Arthur Tappan), to those who simply wanted to stop the spread of slavery and its influence (Abraham Lincoln). Abolitionists campaigned for the end of the peculiar institution and supported anti-slavery causes such as the Free State movement in Kansas. Upon the rise of the Abolitionists, an ideological debate arose with the Southerners regarding the morality of slavery with both sides frequently citing Biblical sources. In 1852, the Abolitionist cause received increased attention following the publication of the anti-slavery novel Uncle Toms Cabin. Written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, the book aided in turning the public against the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. Causes of the Civil War: John Browns Raid John Brown first made a name for himself during the Bleeding Kansas crisis. A fervent abolitionist, Brown, along with his sons, fought with anti-slavery forces and were best known for the Pottawatomie Massacre where they killed five pro-slavery farmers. While most abolitionists were pacifists, Brown advocated violence and insurrection to end the evils of slavery. In October 1859, financed by the extreme wing of the Abolitionist movement, Brown and eighteen men attempted to raid the government armory at Harpers Ferry, VA. Believing that the nations slaves were ready to rise up, Brown attacked with the goal of obtaining weapons for the insurrection. After initial success, the raiders were cornered in the armorys engine house by local militia. Shortly thereafter, US Marines under Lt. Col. Robert E. Lee arrived and captured Brown. Tried for treason, Brown was hanged that December. Before his death, he predicted that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away; but with Blood. Causes of the Civil War: The Collapse of the Two-Party System The tensions between North and South were mirrored in a growing schism in the nations political parties. Following the compromise of 1850 and the crisis in Kansas, the nations two major parties, the Whigs and Democrats, began to fracture along regional lines. In the North, the Whigs largely blended into a new party: the Republicans. Formed in 1854, as an anti-slavery party, the Republicans offered a progressive vision for the future that included an emphasis on industrialization, education, and homesteading. Though their presidential candidate, John C. Frà ©mont, was defeated in 1856, the party polled strongly in the North and showed that it was the Northern party of the future. In the South, the Republican Party was viewed as a divisive element and one that could lead to conflict. Causes of the Civil War: Election of 1860 With the division of the Democrats, there was much apprehension as the election 1860 approached. The lack of a candidate with national appeal signaled that change was coming. Representing the Republicans was Abraham Lincoln, while Stephen Douglas stood for the Northern Democrats. Their counterparts in the South nominated John C. Breckinridge. Looking to find a compromise, former Whigs in the border states created the Constitutional Union Party and nominated John C. Bell. Balloting unfolded along precise sectional lines as Lincoln won the North, Breckinridge won the South, and Bell won the border states. Douglas claimed Missouri and part of New Jersey. The North, with its growing population and increased electoral power had accomplished what the South had always feared: complete control of the government by the free states. Causes of the Civil War: Secession Begins In response to Lincolns victory, South Carolina opened a convention to discuss seceding from the Union. On December 24, 1860, it adopted a declaration of secession and left the Union. Through the Secession Winter of 1861, it was followed by Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. As states departed, local forces took control of federal forts and installations without any resistance from the Buchanan Administration. The most egregious act took place in Texas, where Gen. David E. Twiggs surrendered one-quarter of the entire standing US Army without a shot fired. When Lincoln finally entered office on March 4, 1861, he inherited a collapsing nation. Election of 1860 Candidate Party Electoral Vote Popular Vote Abraham Lincoln Republican 180 1,866,452 Stephen Douglas Northern Democrat 12 1,375,157 John C. Breckinridge Southern Democrat 72 847,953 John Bell Constitutional Union 39 590,631

Thursday, December 19, 2019

A Proposal to Ban Smoking in Public Areas Essay - 1106 Words

A Proposal to Ban Smoking in Public Areas Every year, there are over 400,000 smoking-related deaths in the United States. A large percentage of these are due to lung cancer, whose leading cause is smoking. However, not all deaths are smokers themselves. Anyone in the vicinity can fall victim to second hand smoke. These people, through no action of their own, can have their lives threatened. This problem, which plagues all Americans, should have action taken on a local scale to help protect the health of the public. The Ames City Council is in the process of debating a city ordanince which whould ban smoking in all public places, with the exception of those designated as smokng areas. A public place shall be defined by Subsection†¦show more content†¦Keep in mind, these people don?t smoke themselves, but they are still put at risk by the actions of others. The Saskatchewan Instite?s webpage goes on to state that half of all children exposed to second-hand smoke are exposed at home. While this is an important fact, its importance lies in opposite, half are exposed in places other than at home. In America 25,000 people are killed every year in car accidents, while 53,000 die from second-hand smoke (from Office on Smoking and Health, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, http://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/sgr/sgr_1988/). Action must be taken to protect these people fr om a threat over which they have no control. In addition to statistics, a situation to illustrate the necessity for this proposal can be considered. Imagine a family, Mom, Dad, and their three children, are going out to eat in a nice restaurant for Mom?s birthday. When the waitress asks if they?d like smoking or non-smoking, they Dad requests non, because he is concerned about his family?s health. However, the truth about this decision is that in reality, just being in the restaurant increases the threats to their family. Those who are opposed to this ban contend that it will hurt economic prosperity of their bars/taverns/clubs/restaurents, which are the areas that would be most effected by this ordanence. However, according to a recent study conducted by the Substance Abuse Policy Research Program in New York, this is not the case. Quite theShow MoreRelatedFederal Restrictions and Guidelines in Smoking and Politics by A. Lee Frischlet and James M. Hoelfer1314 Words   |  6 PagesFederal Restrictions and Guidelines in Smoking and Politics by A. Lee Frischlet and James M. Hoelfer Political policy-making within the bureaucracy is a constantly changing the face within the American government. Previous to the birth of administrative law, elected officials such as legislatures, executives and members of the judicial branch handled these decisions. Roughly, ninety percent of Laws, governing our everyday life are not even laws. 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Wednesday, December 11, 2019

International Human Resource Management for Woolworths Group

Question: Discuss about theInternational Human Resource Management for Woolworths Group. Answer: The main aim of this task is to analyze and evaluate the culture shock in the organization. Woolworths group has been taken in the task to identify the causes of culture issues. It is one of the biggest retail companies in Australia which provides enormous products and services to customers across the world. Furthermore, it explains how Woolworths manages culture shock and also the paper depicts that how the firm motivates the workers to perform task and duties effectively. Culture shock is the biggest problem in the organization which influences goodwill of Woolworths adversely. Further details of the task have been stated below. Culture shock may be defined as an experience of a person may have when one moves to a cultural environment which is completely different from ones own (Furham, 2012). There are several causes of culture shock which influence the success and growth of the firm. The causes of cultural shock include unfamiliar rules for social interaction, different attitudes, expectation, strange environment and climate (Hemmasi Downes, 2013). There are enormous problems occurred due to culture shock such as language barrier, generation gap, skill interdependence, information overload, infinite regress, boredom and technology gap. There is no way to prevent and reduce cultural shock in the organization. Honeymoon, Adaptation, negotiation and adjustment are four phases of culture shock. Culture shock arises in many companies due to differences in foreign languages and cultures (Naranjo-Valencia, Jimnez-Jimnez Sanz-Valle, 2011). Woolworths group is a good example where culture shock raises effectively as it influence the progress of the firm. It is a major Australian company which was formed in 1924. Woolworths is the second biggest organization in Australia measured by revenue. The firm has approx 3,000 stores having 205,000 employees who serves more than 29 million customers across the world. The mission of the organization is to deliver best and unique quality of products to the customers. It will also help to gain competitive advantages in the marketplace. Apart from this, the firm uses effective and dynamic strategies to build good relations with its potential customers in the world. Culture shock plays a critical role in Woolworths group which helps to increase productivity and performance of the firm as well as employees. People come from different countries and they follow different and rules. As a result, culture shock problem arises in the organization (Woolworths group, 2018). No company can survi ve its business activities and operations without knowing and understanding the culture of different countries. . HRM plays an important role to reduce and prevent cultural differences within the organization. HRM makes different policies and strategies which could help to manage the difference of culture (Hong, 2013). Various policies and practices are initiated by HRM in the organization to deal with culture shock that has been stated below. Appropriate expatriate recruitment: The selection of future expatriates is an important function of HRM that should be performed in the organization effectively and successfully. It helps to measure and identify the professional and technical skills within the organization. It is an effective policy of HRM to prevent culture shock widely. There are various elements that need to be taken into consideration before sending a worker foreign that are very difficult to evaluate accurately and effectively. Therefore, the firm should focus on the recruitment and selection methods to appoint suitable and potential candidates in the organization. It will help to reduce culture differences in foreign countries (Santoso Loosemore 2013). Training and development coaching: Training and development coaching is an effective practice of HRM which helps to improve and enhance the performance and productivity of the employees. Along with this, to reduce culture shock the HRM needs to monitor the activities and operations of the workers. Woolworths group conducts enormous training and development coaching programs to know and understand the language of the different nations. Also it will help to manage culture issues and challenges within the organization (Mendenhall, Arnardottir, Oddou Burke, 2013). An expatriates qualification profile: Characteristics and traits have been recognized as predictors of expatriates success and progress. These characteristics and traits include technical ability, cultural empathy, diplomacy, language ability, managerial skills, emotional stability and maturity. There are 8 dimension of cultural shock which includes ethnocentrism, intellectual experience, behavioral flex, cognitive flex, general intercultural knowledge, specific intellectual knowledge, adequate behavior, and interpersonal skills (Passmore, 2013). Create a welcoming Kit: HRM should implement and initiate a policy of giving welcoming kits to new workers. These kits include plants for their desk, silly calendars, and photo frames. It will help to motivate and encourage the workers for doing work in a hassle free manner. Also, it will help to eliminate culture differences in the organization. Set daily tasks ahead of time: HRM should set daily tasks and duties to manage culture shock and to manage customs differences effectively. If HRM sets tasks and duties of the employees then they can easily understand assign tasks and duties. Therefore, culture shock issue will not arise in the firm. Along with this, Woolworths can easily overcome the competitors by assigning proper task and duties to the workers. Hofstede cross cultural dimension model: This model is used and initiated by HRM to manage and deal with cross cultural issues at the marketplace. This model includes individualism, collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, power distance and masculinity femininity (Bird Mendenhall, 2016). Bridge the gap through mentorship: There should be a gap between the young workers and older workers. If this gap contributes to new workers culture shock, it needs to be counteracted. Thus, a system of mentorship should be implemented between new employees and management to reduce culture shock issues. Mentorship plays a vital role to manage culture shock effectively and efficiently. Also, it will help to learn desires, requirements and expectations of the organization. Implement an ambassador: It is an effective and important practice performed by HRM in Woolworths. The ambassador can act as a liaison between the new hire and other workers, introduce the new workers to coworkers and work side by side with the new employees until they are adjusted to the environment. Induction programs: It is one of the significant practices that are being performed by HRM in Woolworths. Induction programs are an effective and dynamic way to familiarize new workers with office policies including HR policies, work timings, account policies, performance, leave policies and appraisals. It is a perfect and unique eye opener to manage culture differences among new employees. The induction programs also help to improve and enhance the knowledge, skills and experience of the expatriates. It will also reduce cross cultural issues in the competitive market. All these policies and practices are used and initiated by HRM to control and manage culture shock. All these practices and policies also help to know and understand the needs, preferences and choices of the customers in the rivalry market. Along with this, effective and unique HR policies and practices are also important to attain desired goals and objectives (Kelly Moogan, 2012). On the above mentioned analysis, it can be concluded that culture shock is a major challenge and issue for Woolworths which can affect the financial position of the firm in the marketplace. Along with this, it may also influence the profit and revenue of the organization. To eliminate culture shock, HRM plays a empirical role in each and every organization. Woolworths maintains sustainable human resource department to handle cross cultural issues in the workplace. Now it is recommended that the company should motivate and inspire the new workers to understand and know the culture of other countries successfully. References Bird, A., Mendenhall, M. E. (2016). From cross-cultural management to global leadership: Evolution and adaptation.Journal of World Business,51(1), 115-126. Furham, A. (2012). Culture shock.Revista de Psicologa de la Educacin,7. Hemmasi, M., Downes, M. (2013). Cultural distance and expatriate adjustment revisited.Journal of Global Mobility: The Home of Expatriate Management Research,1(1), 72-91. Hong, Y. Y. (2013). A dynamic constructivist approach to culture: Moving from describing culture to explaining culture. InUnderstanding Culture(pp. 18-38). Psychology Press. Kelly, P., Moogan, Y. (2012). Culture shock and higher education performance: Implications for teaching.Higher Education Quarterly,66(1), 24-46. Mendenhall, M. E., Arnardottir, A. A., Oddou, G. R., Burke, L. A. (2013). Developing cross-cultural competencies in management education via cognitive-behavior therapy.Academy of Management Learning Education,12(3), 436-451. Naranjo-Valencia, J. C., Jimnez-Jimnez, D., Sanz-Valle, R. (2011). Innovation or imitation? The role of organizational culture.Management Decision,49(1), 55-72. Passmore, J. (Ed.). (2013).Diversity in coaching: Working with gender, culture, race and age. Kogan Page Publishers. Santoso, J., Loosemore, M. (2013). Expatriate management in Australian multinational enterprises.Construction Management and Economics,31(11), 1098-1109. Woolworthsgroup.(2018).Aboutus[Online].Availableat: https://www.woolworthsgroup.com.au/page/about-us. [ Accessed as on 1st April 2018).

Wednesday, December 4, 2019

Alcohol Combustion free essay sample

To find out difference in the heat of combustion for different types of alcohols. Hypothesis The higher the number of carbon atoms in an alcohol is, the higher the energy for the heat of combustion. Alcohol is a homologous series, a series of organic compounds with similar formula and chemical properties, and increase in molecular size and mass. When the equations for combustion of these alcohols are listed in the order of increasing number of carbon atoms, Methanol 1 CH3OH(l) + 3/2 O2(g) ? 1 CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l) Ethanol 1 C2H5OH(l) + 3 O2(g) ? 2 CO2(g) + 3 H2O(l) Propanol 1 C3H7OH(l) + 9/2 O2(g) ? 3 CO2(g) + 4 H2O(l) Butanol 1 C4H9OH(l) + 6 O2(g) ? 4 CO2(g) + 5 H2O(l) Pentanol 1 C5H11OH(l) + 15/2 O2(g) ? 5 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l) The number of CO2 molecule increases in a linear fashion, as well as H2O. In the formation of carbon dioxide, C=O bonds are formed, releasing 1486 kJ per mol[i] in each molecule. As the coefficient for carbon dioxide is the same as the number of carbon atoms in the alcohol, the coefficient increases linearly in the increase in the homologous series of alcohol. The energy for combustion increases in the order of methanol ? thanol ? propanol ? butanol ? pentanol (and that in linear fashion) because the increase in the number of molecules of carbon dioxide means that more energy must be released for the formation of the C=O bond. Equipment 5 spirit lamps for methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol, and pentanol. Water 100ml beakers Thermometer Matches Stop watch Retort stand Ceramic tile Method and Variables Pour 50ml of water into a beaker. Place the beaker in the clamp connected to the retort stand on a ceramic tile. Measure and record the mass of lamp and the temperature of the water. Heat the beaker for 1 minute. Measure and record the final mass of lamp and the temperature of water. Repeat step 1-5 for 3 more times. Repeat the experiment with different types of alcohols. Type of alcohol will be changed each time as independent variable, whereas for the dependent variable the heat of combustion will be measured. Other variables that should be kept under constant condition will be the height from the lamp to the beaker, equipments (thermometer, beakers, cylinder, etc. ), room temperature, etc. Results Table 1. Table to Show the Initial and Final Mass of Lamp and the Temperature of Water Before and After the Combustion | | |Trial 2 | |Trial 3 | |Trial 4 | |Trial 2 | |Trial 3 | Trial 4 |? H Heat of Combustion (KJmol-1) |146. 67 |270. 9 |440. 59 |648. 57 |836. 00 | | |Percentage Uncertainty (%) |20. 51 |29. 47 |21. 79 |22. 84 |30. 09 | | |Absolute Uncertainty (KJmol-1) | ±30. 08 | ±79. 68 | ±96. 00 | ±148. 13 | ±251. 55 | | Table 3. The Literature Values of Heat of Combustion for Different Types of Alcohol[ii] Alcohol |Methanol |Ethanol |Propanol |Butanol |Pentanol | |Literature Value of Heat of Combustion (KJmol-1) |-715 |-1371 |-2010 |-2673 |(no data) | | [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] Qualitative Data: After boiling for a while, the bottom of the beakers that was directly exposed to the heat started to get covered by soot. The amount of the soot seemed to be more when alcohol with more carbons was used, but the actual mass or volume of soot was not measured. Data Processing The Heat of Combustion can be calculated by using the equation: . For methanol for example (from the first trial): Then the uncertainty must be calculated by adding up the relative uncertainties. The specific heat capacity of water (4. 18) and the molar mass of the alcohol do not have uncertainty because they are literature values. The mass of water (50g) must have uncertainty of . The temperature has uncertainty of (31 °C ±1 °C) – (23 °C ±1 °C) = 8 °C ±2 °C therefore the relative uncertainty is . The mass of alcohol lamp has uncertainty of (149. 76g ±0. 01g)-(149. 50 ±0. 01g) = 0. 26g ±0. 02g therefore the relative uncertainty is . When all relative uncertainties are added up(1+25+7. 69=33. 69(%)), it is multiplied to the total value to get the range of uncertainties: Thus the Heat of Combustion for methanol is: For ethanol(from the first trial): The specific heat capacity of water (4. 18) and the molar mass of the alcohol do not have uncertainty because they are literature values. The mass of water (50g) must have uncertainty of . The temperature has uncertainty of (39 °C ±1 °C) – (24 °C ±1 °C) = 15 °C ±2 °C herefore the relative uncertainty is . The mass of alcohol lamp has uncertainty of (149. 71g ±0. 01g)-(149. 30 ±0. 01g) = 0. 41g ±0. 02g therefore the relative uncertainty is . When all relative uncertainties are added up(1+13. 33+4. 88=19. 21(%)), it is multiplied to the total value to get the range of uncertainties: Thus the Heat of Combustion for methanol is: Justification of Uncertainties In the process of measuring the values given in the experiment, a thermometer with scale of 2 °C, a cylinder with scale of 1ml, and a scale showing 2 digits after decimal were used. An uncertainty value of  ±1 °C in the measurement of temperature,  ±0. g of in the measurement of amount of water (A cylinder was used to measure 40g of water. Although the cylinder measures in ml, 1 ml corresponds with 1g, thus the exchange in the measurement is possible. ), and  ±0. 01g in the measurement of change in the mass of alcohol should be considered. These uncertainties are chosen because they are half the scale shown on the equipment, allowing  ±half the measurement of error to be accepted. Conclusion and evaluation The enthalpy of combustion did increase in linear f ashion as the number of carbon atoms in alcohol increased (graph 1-4). This shows that the hypothesis was correct. The linearity of the graph indicates the relationships between each type of alcohol in the homologous series. Because CH2 is added to each alcohol as the homologous series progress, more energy is released for the formation of the C=O bond. However, the values of Heat of Combustion gathered from the experiment are lower than the literature value. In order to get values closer to the literature value, the duration of heating could be extended so that the change in the temperature increases. With current method, the value for change in temperature of water is too small that it may be not providing enough data for values closer to the literature value. When the change in the temperature of water increases, the ? T in the equation also increases, meaning that the value of Heat of Combustion will increase as well. The values are multiplied by -1 in order to account for the exothermal nature or the reactions therefore the graph should be increasing, which is what is shown in the graphs using the data from the experiment. There were no distinguishable errors but minor errors the experiment that resulted in gaps between the values from the experiment and the literature values (The range of error is relatively high). Random errors are uncertainties of measurements and systematic errors are from method. The relative uncertainty is high. In order to reduce the gap and improve the experiment, either random error can be corrected as much as possible or systematic errors can be fixed, although it is the systematic error that is responsible for most of the errors. Other than those errors, all other controlled variables were under control. For random errors, for example, different thermometer with smaller scales can be used to reduce the risk of having  ±1 °C. Also thermometers using mercury is more precise than the ones using alcohol. For systematic error, parts of method must be changed to make the procedure easier to get more accurate results. For instance, when heating the water in the beaker, the upper part of the beaker is exposed to the air, which, in other words, mean that the increase in the temperature that must be measure may be affected by the loss of heat from the water to the air from the top of the beaker where it is not covered. In order to fix this problem the beaker could be insulated. Also, the main reason for the high percentage of the relative uncertainty is the thermometer that had scales of 2 °C leading to an uncertainty value of  ±1 °C, which is comparatively high. In fact, most errors derive from systematic errors rather than from random errors thus in order to make improvement more efficient, it is preferred to work on the systematic error.